CELLULAR PATHOLOGY- Staining protocols Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CELLULAR PATHOLOGY- Staining protocols - Essay Example Several tissue components can be demonstrated by this stain. It is an important diagnostic tool in most clinical settings. Substances that consist of glycol groups or alkylamino and amino derivatives are normally oxidized to form. An insoluble pink/magenta chromogen is later formed after these dialdehydes Periodic acid combines with the Schiff’s reagent. In tissue sections PAS positive substances include: Amyloid, cartilage, collagen, mucins, glycogen, and basement membranes among others, together with some organisms such as fungi. Method: As per the hand-out Results: Figure 1: shows Glycogen detection in the liver with PAS Figure 2: Shows PAS stain with diastase in the Hepatocytes Detection of the liver with glycogen storage disease. Figure 3: Represents mucins PAS stain (Intestine Alcain Blue). Figure 4: Shows Kidney tissue section, with Bowman’s capsule. Discussion i) Glycogen Most carbohydrates are broken down by the body from the foods we eat; it is further convert ed to a sugar type referred to as glucose. The main fuel source for the cells is glucose. When glucose is no longer needed by the body for energy, it is stored in the muscles and liver. The glucose stored consists of many connected glucose molecules referred to as glycogen. When a quick energy boost is required by the body in cases where the body is not receiving any glucose from food, there is break down of glycogen that results to glucose release into the bloodstream to generate fuel for the cells.( Knebelmann et al,1996) Glycogen demonstration in tissue sections, for example for the liver section tissues, it can be used to differentiate between normal liver tissue and the abnormal liver tissue by looking at the morphology. The liver is the main organ that stores glycogen. Any observation made after staining of the liver tissue that is different from typical liver tissue staining will indicate that the tissue is not normal hence diseased. For example, liver and fatty liver cells, scar tissue (fibroblasts) can be used to differentiate between normal and abnormal liver tissues( hepatocytes) after staining because of the absence of glycogen in normal cells. The diastase use in enzymes digestion of glycogen acts as a control. Hence, two slides comparison can show an area occupied by glycogen. PAS Stains glycogen but there can be pre-digestion of tissue with diastase in order to remove glycogen. Clinical Implication of PAS Stain of Glycogen We have various GSD types.   Individuals with GSD are born with it.   In GSD, there is storage of abnormal glycogen amount in the liver. For an individual with GSD: The liver is not able to regulate the use of glucose and glycogen. Certain enzymes involved in the regulation of the conversion of glucose into glycogen or glucose release from glycogen are not present.  Ã‚   At least 10 different GSDs types do exist. These types are placed in categories based on the missing enzyme. The GSD forms that are most common includes : types I, III and IV. One in every 20,000 individuals can have a type of GSD. GSD I, also referred to as von Gierke condition: Is caused by enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphatase deficiency.   GSD III, also referred to as Cori disease:  Is caused by debrancher enzyme deficiency. This leads to the body forming molecules of glycogen with abnormal structure. This unusual structure prevents the breakdown of glycogen into free glucose as well.   GSD IV also referred to as amylopectinosis:   increased glycogen amount in the tissues is not experienced. Instead, the building up

Prepare a report for the board of directors of Summer Bodysuit Ltd Coursework

Prepare a report for the board of directors of Summer Bodysuit Ltd that analyses the problems faced by the company and that sets - Coursework Example 2. To study whether bank’s request for a significant reduction in the overdraft facility granted to Summer Bodysuit Limited is reasonable. Structure of the organization The financial problems in a company arise mainly due to weakness in the structure of the organization. Jill Dempsey and Mike Greaves have good experience in the company’s business. The business model, designing and manufacturing of casual and leisure clothes aiming particularly at the younger and higher-income market, is in line with their experience. However, the weakness in the organization structure lies in lack of proper system for financial management. Financial management is a specialized area which needs expertise for efficiency in business operations. Keeble brothers’ involvement in the day to day business activities has been very limited. The business has grown well over the period of time and the order recently received from Arena, a chain of casual and sportswear stores is seen particul arly important. The draft accounts from the Auditors confirm the company’s success. But, lack of suitable system for working capital management and planning in capital investment has landed the company in the current financial difficulties. Relationship with the bank and planning for the future The bank wants the company to reduce the overdraft by half over the next six months. The company had breached its overdraft limit on several occasions over the past few years. The management is aware of the fact that the patience of the bank has been wearing thin. The largest shareholder of the business is Keeble Estates Ltd, owned by David and John Keeble. Neither they are in a position to make further investments nor willing to accept investments from new investors, fearing loss of influence over the company. It is in this backdrop the analysis is done to make suitable recommendations for taking necessary actions to overcome the current financial difficulties. Business operations Dec how et al (2010) state, â€Å"the quality of a ?rm’s earnings depends on both the ?rm’s ?nancial performance and on the accounting system that measures it.† Prima facie the company has not accorded the deserved attention to accounting in the organization. The management has embarked on investment spree without making necessary arrangements for the additional working capital needed for its operations. David et al (2007) states that â€Å"overcon?dent managers underestimate risk and therefore take actions with excessive risk†. Evaluation of the business prospects involves analysis of several factors relating to the business. Schrand and Zechman (2009) state that â€Å"the overconfident managers make optimistic forecasts and in order to meet these forecasts, exhibit higher levels of fraud and earnings management.† Though the results do not in any way suggest fraud its management of finance calls for critical analysis. Gross profit margin during the la st two years has been at 14.99% and 20.61% respectively which reflects the soundness of the business proposals of Jill Dempsey and Mike Greaves. The increase in capital investment and consequently working capital required additional investments which are met primarily through bank overdraft. â€Å"An overdraft facility enables businesses to obtain short-term funding - although in theory the amount loaned is repayable on demand by the bank† (Riley, 2012). The bankers are now asking the company to reduce the